The weak and strong forces are effective only over a very short range and dominate only at the level of subatomic particles. The electromagnetic force also has infinite range but it is many times stronger than gravity. Gravity is the weakest but it has an infinite range. They work over different ranges and have different strengths. There are four fundamental forces at work in the universe: the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force. The electron, the muon and the tau all have an electric charge and a sizeable mass, whereas the neutrinos are electrically neutral and have very little mass. The six leptons are similarly arranged in three generations – the “electron” and the “electron neutrino”, the “muon” and the “muon neutrino”, and the “tau” and the “tau neutrino”. ![]() Quarks also come in three different “colours” and only mix in such ways as to form colourless objects. The six quarks are paired in three generations – the “up quark” and the “down quark” form the first generation, followed by the “charm quark” and “strange quark”, then the “top quark” and “bottom (or beauty) quark”. All stable matter in the universe is made from particles that belong to the first generation any heavier particles quickly decay to more stable ones. The lightest and most stable particles make up the first generation, whereas the heavier and less-stable particles belong to the second and third generations. ![]() Each group consists of six particles, which are related in pairs, or “generations”. These particles occur in two basic types called quarks and leptons. All matter around us is made of elementary particles, the building blocks of matter. However, if you are finding the h2 physics topics difficult to deal with, look for physics tuitions in singapore. Physics is complicated, yet an interesting subject to major in. The experiments also suggest that when you observe the movements of the particles, it has an effect on the system. This is why is it called the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics. So, what do you learn from the double-slit experiment? This experiment proposes that electrons commonly called as particles, combine their characteristics of waves and particles. Let’s look at an example what will happen if the decision to close or open one of the slit is made once the particle has dedicated to passing through one or both the slits? If you notice an interference when the back slit is open, this means that our decision to measure the path of the particle affects its previous decision about what path to take, or, to rule out the concept that the position of the particle is defined regardless of our measurements. This is how the side effects of observing the photons are tested. In the experiments, once the photons are emitted, the decision is made, whether to observe the photons or not. However, if no observation is done, a photon will appear to have travelled through the slits together before interfering with itself, resembling a wave.īack in 1978, John Wheeler, an American theoretical physicist proposed a series of experiments where he questioned that when a particle passes the slit, could it be considered to have the well-defined path through one or more slits. If the path is noticed, a photon will pass through one slit or the other, without any interference. What do we conclude from this? In the double-slit experiment, particles like photons will travel through the slit one at a time. If you highlight all those points where the ball has hit the back wall, you will notice that the size of the mark will be the same shape as that of the slits. Now imagine there is another wall at the back, the balls that have travelled through the slit will eventually hit the ‘back wall’. Some of the balls bounce back, and the others travel through the slit. Imagine there is a wall with two slits and you throw a tennis ball at the wall. ![]() It reveals that the little particles of matter have something of a wave in them, and when someone observes it, the particle will change its behaviour. ![]() Till date, the double-slit experiment is one of the most famous experiments in physics. Although, we can’t say for sure that whether the particles can be described by its particle behaviour or wave behaviour. According to various studies conducted by physicists, quantum particle changes its behaviour in a double-slit experiment when it is being observed.
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